Ciudad Rodrigo
- View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article.
- Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
- Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
- You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Ciudad Rodrigo]]; see its history for attribution.
- You may also add the template
{{Translated|es|Ciudad Rodrigo}}
to the talk page. - For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Ciudad Rodrigo (Spanish pronunciation: [θjuˈðað roˈðɾiɣo]) is a small cathedral city in the province of Salamanca,[3] in western Spain, with a population in 2016 of 12,896. It is also the seat of a judicial district.
The site of Ciudad Rodrigo, perched atop a rocky rise on the right bank of the River Águeda, has been occupied since the Neolithic Age. Known also as Mirobriga by those who wish to associate the city with an ancient Celtic village in the outskirts of the modern city.
A key border fortress, it was the site of a 10-day siege by the Duke of Wellington.
Geography
Ciudad Rodrigo is situated on the right bank of the Águeda river, about 89 km (55 mi) south-west of Salamanca and 25 km (16 mi) away from the Portuguese border.
The autovia A-62 (dual carriageway) links Ciudad Rodrigo with Salamanca, Valladolid and Burgos, and with Portugal.
Climate
At an elevation of 658 metres (2,159 ft) Ciudad Rodrigo has an inland Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csb) characterised by cool, damp winters and warm, dry summers with relatively cool nights during the summer.[4]
Climate data for Ciudad Rodrigo, Spain | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.6 (49.3) | 11.9 (53.4) | 15.4 (59.7) | 16.6 (61.9) | 20.6 (69.1) | 26.6 (79.9) | 30.5 (86.9) | 30.3 (86.5) | 26.0 (78.8) | 19.2 (66.6) | 13.4 (56.1) | 10.0 (50.0) | 19.2 (66.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.9 (40.8) | 6.3 (43.3) | 9.1 (48.4) | 10.5 (50.9) | 14.0 (57.2) | 18.8 (65.8) | 21.9 (71.4) | 21.8 (71.2) | 18.4 (65.1) | 13.3 (55.9) | 8.4 (47.1) | 5.7 (42.3) | 12.8 (55.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) | 0.7 (33.3) | 2.7 (36.9) | 4.4 (39.9) | 7.3 (45.1) | 11.0 (51.8) | 13.2 (55.8) | 13.2 (55.8) | 10.8 (51.4) | 7.4 (45.3) | 3.4 (38.1) | 1.3 (34.3) | 6.3 (43.3) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 42.9 (1.69) | 32.3 (1.27) | 27.7 (1.09) | 42.6 (1.68) | 53.7 (2.11) | 19.7 (0.78) | 10.0 (0.39) | 11.9 (0.47) | 32.8 (1.29) | 64.2 (2.53) | 61.3 (2.41) | 56.1 (2.21) | 455.2 (17.92) |
Source: World Meteorological Organization[4] |
History
Origins
Ciudad Rodrigo was originally a Celtic village under the name of Mirobriga. The town was later taken by the Romans during the conquest of Lusitania and named Augustobriga.
In the 12th century, the site was repopulated by King Ferdinand II of León, walling it and re-establishing the old Visigothic diocese of Calabria into the new bishopric as suffragan of the Diocese of Santiago de Compostela; it comprised a big part of the province of Salamanca, and a portion of the province of Cáceres, an act confirmed by Pope Alexander III in 1175. This led to the construction of the city's cathedral, an architectural hybrid of the Gothic and late Romanesque styles. King Alfonso VIII gave the city of Calabria to the Diocese of Ciudad Rodrigo in 1191. The first bishop of whom anything certain is known was called Pedro (1165) and one of the most celebrated was the learned jurist Don Diego de Covarruvias y Leyva (1560).
Artistic works
During the 15th century, a series of artworks of perhaps 35-panels (only 26 panels survive), known as the Retablo (altarpiece) of the Cathedral of the Ciudad Rodrigo[5] was created by Fernando Gallego, Maestro Bartolomé,[6] and the artists of their workshops. Over the centuries, the works became badly deteriorated. In 1954, they were acquired by the Samuel H. Kress Foundation which had them fully restored. In 1961, the foundation donated the works to the University of Arizona Museum of Art in Tucson, Arizona, where they reside today.[7]
Napoleonic Wars
Main articles: Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810) and Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)
Its position as a fortified town on the main road from Portugal to Salamanca made it militarily important in the middle years of the Napoleonic Peninsular War.
The French Marshal Michel Ney took Ciudad Rodrigo on 9 July 1810 after a 24-day siege. The 5,500-man Spanish garrison of Field Marshal Don Andreas de Herrasti put up a gallant defense, surrendering only after French artillery opened a breach in the walls and their infantry were poised for an assault. The Spanish suffered 461 killed and 994 wounded, while 4,000 men and 118 cannon were captured. Ney's VI Corps lost 180 killed and over 1,000 wounded during the siege. The French soldiery then pillaged the city. The siege delayed Marshal André Masséna's invasion of Portugal by a month.
The British General Wellington began his 1812 campaign by taking Ciudad Rodrigo by storm on the night of 19–20 January 1812, after preparatory operations lasting about 10 days. In these clashes, the British captured the Greater Teson on 8 January and the Lesser Teson on 16 January. Meanwhile, two breaches in the walls had been opened by Wellington's twenty-three 24-lb and four 18-lb siege guns under the command of Captain Alexander Dickson. Major-General Thomas Picton's 3rd Division assaulted the "greater" breach while Robert Craufurd's Light Division attacked the "lesser" breach. Allied losses in the siege were 195 killed and 916 wounded, although amongst the dead were Maj-Gens Henry Mackinnon and Craufurd. The 2,000-man French garrison under Brig-Gen Barrié lost 529 killed and wounded, while the rest were captured. The French Army of Portugal lost its entire siege train among the 142 captured cannon. There were two cannons embedded in the wall of the "greater" breach that caused most casualties in the storming. The 88th Connaught Rangers Regiment took one of the guns while the 45th Nottinghamshire Regiment took the other. The victory was marred when the British rank and file thoroughly sacked the city, despite the efforts of their officers. The capture of Ciudad Rodrigo allowed Wellington to proceed to Badajoz, whose taking was a much more bloody affair.
In 1812, the then-Viscount Wellington (later created a Duke) was rewarded for his victorious liberation with the hereditary Spanish ducal victory title of Duque de Ciudad Rodrigo.
Ciudad Rodrigo is also the birthplace of Siglo de Oro writer Feliciano de Silva.
Sights
The historic centre of Ciudad Rodrigo is enclosed by the city walls.
- The walls were built during the 12th century. In the 17th century the walls were rebuilt and reinforced by bastions, ravelins and artillery batteries.
- The Cathedral of Santa María is a medieval cathedral. The original cathedral was constructed in the 12th century in late Romanesque style and was refurbished in the 16th century by Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón. The cathedral contains many artworks: The Portal of the main façade (Portico del Perdón), the 16th-century choir stalls, baroque retables, medieval sculptures, and tombs.
- Old mansions: There are several well preserved Renaissance and Baroque mansions and palaces such as:
- Castro's Palace. With an outstanding façade.
- The Palace of Moctezuma, a residence of the dukes of Moctezuma de Tultengo which now houses the municipal cultural center.[8]
- Palace of the Aguila, with a garden and two courtyards, one of them in Plateresque style.
- And many others: Casa of the Cornejo, Casa of the Condes de Alba de Yeltes, Casa of the Vazquez,...
- The castle of Henry II of Castile was built in the 14th century, on a spur overlooking the Águeda river. It is currently used as a Parador, a kind of hotel located in a historic building.
- The Plaza Mayor, the central town square. Some historical buildings around the square include the 16th century city hall and the plateresque Casa del Marques de Cerralbo.
- Chapel of Cerralbo.
The castle of Henry II of Castile
This castle was built by the medieval King Enrique II of Castile in 1372.
- View of the Castle.
- Entrance of the Castle.
- Interior courtyard.
- The homage tower as seen from the City Walls (east).
International Relations
Ciudad Rodrigo is twinned with:
References
- ^ a b "Municipio:Ciudad Rodrigo". www.lasalina.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-10-27.
- ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ciudad Rodrigo" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 402.
- ^ a b "Climate in Ciudad Rodrigo, Spain". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
- ^ "UAMA Collections". Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
- ^ Stengle, Jamie (May 9, 2008). "Behind the Altarpiece, a Maestro". The Australian.
- ^ "The Samuel H. Kress Collection at the University of Arizona Museum of Art". Archived from the original on March 8, 2011. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
- ^ "Ciudad Rodrigo". www.spainisculture.com. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
- ^ "Geminações de Cidades e Vilas: Aveiro" (in Portuguese). Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses. Archived from the original on 2019-12-11. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
Other References
- William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
- Chandler, David, Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars Macmillan, 1979.
- Glover, Michael, The Peninsular War 1807–1814 Penguin, 1974.
- Smith, Digby, The Napoleonic Wars Data Book Greenhill, 1998.
External links
- Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (detailed account, with pictures)
- Catholic Encyclopaedia
- Bishops of Ciudad Rodrigo
- Early Bishops of Ciudad Rodrigo
- v
- t
- e
- Abusejo
- Agallas
- Ahigal de Villarino
- Ahigal de los Aceiteros
- Alaraz
- Alba de Tormes
- Alba de Yeltes
- Alconada
- Aldea del Obispo
- Aldeacipreste
- Aldeadávila de la Ribera
- Aldealengua
- Aldeanueva de Figueroa
- Aldeanueva de la Sierra
- Aldearrodrigo
- Aldearrubia
- Aldeaseca de Alba
- Aldeaseca de la Frontera
- Aldeatejada
- Aldeavieja de Tormes
- Aldehuela de Yeltes
- Aldehuela de la Bóveda
- Almenara de Tormes
- Almendra
- Anaya de Alba
- Arabayona de Mógica
- Arapiles
- Arcediano
- Armenteros
- Añover de Tormes
- Babilafuente
- Barbadillo
- Barbalos
- Barceo
- Barruecopardo
- Bañobárez
- Beleña
- Bermellar
- Berrocal de Huebra
- Berrocal de Salvatierra
- Boada
- Bogajo
- Brincones
- Buenamadre
- Buenavista
- Béjar
- Bóveda del Río Almar
- Cabeza del Caballo
- Cabezabellosa de la Calzada
- Cabrerizos
- Cabrillas
- Calvarrasa de Abajo
- Calvarrasa de Arriba
- Calzada de Don Diego
- Calzada de Valdunciel
- Campillo de Azaba
- Candelario
- Canillas de Abajo
- Cantagallo
- Cantalapiedra
- Cantalpino
- Cantaracillo
- Carbajosa de la Sagrada
- Carpio de Azaba
- Carrascal de Barregas
- Carrascal del Obispo
- Casafranca
- Casillas de Flores
- Castellanos de Moriscos
- Castellanos de Villiquera
- Castillejo de Martín Viejo
- Castraz
- Cepeda
- Cereceda de la Sierra
- Cerezal de Peñahorcada
- Cerralbo
- Cespedosa de Tormes
- Chagarcía Medianero
- Cilleros de la Bastida
- Cipérez
- Ciudad Rodrigo
- Coca de Alba
- Colmenar de Montemayor
- Cordovilla
- Cristóbal de la Sierra
- Dios le Guarde
- Doñinos de Ledesma
- Doñinos de Salamanca
- Éjeme
- El Arco
- El Bodón
- El Cabaco
- El Campo de Peñaranda
- El Cerro
- El Cubo de Don Sancho
- El Manzano
- El Maíllo
- El Milano
- El Payo
- El Pedroso de la Armuña
- El Pino de Tormes
- El Sahugo
- El Tejado
- El Tornadizo
- Encina de San Silvestre
- Encinas de Abajo
- Encinas de Arriba
- Encinasola de los Comendadores
- Endrinal
- Escurial de la Sierra
- Espadaña
- Espeja
- Espino de la Orbada
- Florida de Liébana
- Forfoleda
- Frades de la Sierra
- Fresnedoso
- Fresno Alhándiga
- Fuenteguinaldo
- Fuenteliante
- Fuenterroble de Salvatierra
- Fuentes de Béjar
- Fuentes de Oñoro
- Gajates
- Galindo y Perahuy
- Galinduste
- Galisancho
- Gallegos de Argañán
- Gallegos de Solmirón
- Garcibuey
- Garcihernández
- Garcirrey
- Gejuelo del Barro
- Golpejas
- Gomecello
- Guadramiro
- Guijo de Ávila
- Guijuelo
- Herguijuela de Ciudad Rodrigo
- Herguijuela de la Sierra
- Herguijuela del Campo
- Hinojosa de Duero
- Horcajo Medianero
- Horcajo de Montemayor
- Huerta
- Iruelos
- Ituero de Azaba
- Juzbado
- La Alameda de Gardón
- La Alamedilla
- La Alberca
- La Alberguería de Argañán
- La Atalaya
- La Bastida
- La Bouza
- La Cabeza de Béjar
- La Calzada de Béjar
- La Encina
- La Fregeneda
- La Fuente de San Esteban
- La Hoya
- La Mata de Ledesma
- La Maya
- La Orbada
- La Peña
- La Redonda
- La Rinconada de la Sierra
- La Sagrada
- La Sierpe
- La Tala
- La Vellés
- La Vídola
- La Zarza de Pumareda
- Lagunilla
- Larrodrigo
- Las Casas del Conde
- Las Veguillas
- Ledesma
- Ledrada
- Linares de Riofrío
- Los Santos
- Lumbrales
- Machacón
- Macotera
- Madroñal
- Malpartida
- Mancera de Abajo
- Martiago
- Martinamor
- Martín de Yeltes
- Masueco
- Matilla de los Caños del Río
- Membribe de la Sierra
- Mieza
- Miranda de Azán
- Miranda del Castañar
- Mogarraz
- Molinillo
- Monforte de la Sierra
- Monleras
- Monleón
- Monsagro
- Montejo
- Montemayor del Río
- Monterrubio de Armuña
- Monterrubio de la Sierra
- Morasverdes
- Morille
- Moriscos
- Moronta
- Moríñigo
- Mozárbez
- Narros de Matalayegua
- Nava de Béjar
- Nava de Francia
- Nava de Sotrobal
- Navacarros
- Navales
- Navalmoral de Béjar
- Navamorales
- Navarredonda de la Rinconada
- Navasfrías
- Negrilla de Palencia
- Olmedo de Camaces
- Pajares de la Laguna
- Palacios del Arzobispo
- Palaciosrubios
- Palencia de Negrilla
- Parada de Arriba
- Parada de Rubiales
- Paradinas de San Juan
- Pastores
- Pedraza de Alba
- Pedrosillo de Alba
- Pedrosillo de los Aires
- Pedrosillo el Ralo
- Pelabravo
- Pelarrodríguez
- Pelayos
- Peralejos de Abajo
- Peralejos de Arriba
- Pereña de la Ribera
- Peromingo
- Peñacaballera
- Peñaparda
- Peñaranda de Bracamonte
- Peñarandilla
- Pinedas
- Pitiegua
- Pizarral
- Poveda de las Cintas
- Pozos de Hinojo
- Puebla de Azaba
- Puebla de San Medel
- Puebla de Yeltes
- Puente del Congosto
- Puertas
- Puerto Seguro
- Puerto de Béjar
- Retortillo
- Robleda
- Robliza de Cojos
- Rollán
- Rágama
- Saelices el Chico
- Salamanca
- Saldeana
- Salmoral
- Salvatierra de Tormes
- San Cristóbal de la Cuesta
- San Esteban de la Sierra
- San Felices de los Gallegos
- San Martín del Castañar
- San Miguel de Valero
- San Miguel del Robledo
- San Morales
- San Muñoz
- San Pedro de Rozados
- San Pedro del Valle
- San Pelayo de Guareña
- Sanchotello
- Sanchón de la Ribera
- Sanchón de la Sagrada
- Sancti-Spíritus
- Sando
- Santa Marta de Tormes
- Santa María de Sando
- Santiago de la Puebla
- Santibáñez de Béjar
- Santibáñez de la Sierra
- Santiz
- Sardón de los Frailes
- Saucelle
- Sepulcro-Hilario
- Sequeros
- Serradilla del Arroyo
- Serradilla del Llano
- Sieteiglesias de Tormes
- Sobradillo
- Sorihuela
- Sotoserrano
- Tabera de Abajo
- Tamames
- Tarazona de Guareña
- Tardáguila
- Tejeda y Segoyuela
- Tenebrón
- Terradillos
- Topas
- Tordillos
- Torresmenudas
- Trabanca
- Tremedal de Tormes
- Valdecarros
- Valdefuentes de Sangusín
- Valdehijaderos
- Valdelacasa
- Valdelageve
- Valdelosa
- Valdemierque
- Valderrodrigo
- Valdunciel
- Valero
- Vallejera de Riofrío
- Valsalabroso
- Valverde de Valdelacasa
- Valverdón
- Vecinos
- Vega de Tirados
- Ventosa del Río Almar
- Villaflores
- Villagonzalo de Tormes
- Villalba de los Llanos
- Villamayor
- Villanueva del Conde
- Villar de Argañán
- Villar de Ciervo
- Villar de Gallimazo
- Villar de Peralonso
- Villar de Samaniego
- Villar de la Yegua
- Villares de Yeltes
- Villares de la Reina
- Villarino de los Aires
- Villarmayor
- Villarmuerto
- Villasbuenas
- Villasdardo
- Villaseco de los Gamitos
- Villaseco de los Reyes
- Villasrubias
- Villaverde de Guareña
- Villavieja de Yeltes
- Villoria
- Villoruela
- Vilvestre
- Vitigudino
- Yecla de Yeltes
- Zamarra
- Zamayón
- Zarapicos
- Zorita de la Frontera