Penentangan awam

Penentangan awam ialah tindakan politik yang bergantung kepada penggunaan penentangan tanpa kekerasan oleh rakyat biasa untuk mencabar kekuasaan, pihak berkuasa, dasar atau rejim tertentu.[1] Rintangan awam beroperasi melalui rayuan kepada musuh, tekanan dan paksaan: ia boleh melibatkan percubaan sistematik untuk melemahkan atau mendedahkan sumber kuasa musuh (atau tiang sokongan, seperti polis, tentera, paderi, elit perniagaan, dll.). Bentuk tindakan termasuk demonstrasi, berjaga-jaga dan petisyen; mogok, go-slow, boikot dan pergerakan emigrasi; dan duduk-duduk, pekerjaan, program yang membina, dan penciptaan institusi kerajaan yang selari.

Beberapa motivasi gerakan penentangan sivil untuk mengelakkan keganasan secara amnya berkaitan dengan konteks, termasuk nilai masyarakat dan pengalaman perang dan keganasan, bukannya kepada mana-mana prinsip etika mutlak. Kes-kes penentangan awam boleh ditemui sepanjang sejarah dan dalam banyak perjuangan moden, menentang kedua-dua pemerintah zalim dan kerajaan yang dipilih secara demokrasi. Mahatma Gandhi mengetuai kempen penentangan awam yang pertama didokumentasikan (menggunakan tiga taktik utama: keingkaran awam, perarakan, dan penciptaan institusi selari) untuk membebaskan India daripada imperialisme British.[2] Fenomena penentangan sivil sering dikaitkan dengan kemajuan hak asasi manusia dan demokrasi.[3]

Rujukan

  1. ^ Examples of the use of the term "civil resistance" include Erica Chenoweth and Maria J. Stephan, Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict, Columbia University Press, New York, 2011; Howard Clark, Civil Resistance in Kosovo, Pluto Press, London, 2000; Sharon Erickson Nepstad, Nonviolent Revolution: Civil Resistance in the Late 20th Century Diarkibkan 20 Oktober 2012 di Wayback Machine, Oxford University Press, New York, 2011; Michael Randle, Civil Resistance, Fontana, London, 1994; Adam Roberts, Civil Resistance in the East European and Soviet Revolutions, Albert Einstein Institution, Massachusetts, 1991.
  2. ^ This is abstracted from the longer definition of "civil resistance" in Adam Roberts, Introduction, in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 2–3. See also the short definition in Gene Sharp, Sharp's Dictionary of Power and Struggle: Language of Civil Resistance in Conflicts Diarkibkan 11 Oktober 2017 di Wayback Machine, Oxford University Press, New York, 2011, p. 87.
  3. ^ See e.g. the report by Peter Ackerman, Adrian Karatnycky and others, How Freedom is Won. From Civil Resistance to Durable Democracy, Freedom House, New York, 2005 [1] Diarkibkan 27 Mei 2006 di Wayback Machine

Pautan luar

  • Albert Einstein Institution, East Boston, Massachusetts
  • How to Start a Revolution, documentary directed by Ruaridh Arrow
  • CivilResistance.info, founded by the late Howard Clark, and run by a team of volunteers
  • International Center for Nonviolent Conflict (ICNC), Washington DC
  • Jack DuVall, "Civil resistance and the language of power", 19 November 2010 at openDemocracy.net
  • Hardy Merriman, The trifecta of civil resistance: unity, planning, discipline, 19 November 2010 at openDemocracy.net
  • Oxford University Research Project on Civil Resistance and Power Politics Diarkibkan 31 Mac 2017 di Wayback Machine
  • Stellan Vinthagen, People power and the new global ferment, 15 November 2010 at openDemocracy.net
  • Waging Nonviolence, an independent non-profit media platform.
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