Chinantec of Ozumacín
Chinantecan language of Oaxaca, Mexico
| Ozumacín Chinantec | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Mexico |
| Region | Oaxaca |
| Ethnicity | Chinantecs |
Native speakers | 3,100 (2000)[1] |
Language family | Oto-Mangue
|
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | chz |
| Glottolog | ozum1235 |
| ELP | Upper Southeastern Chinantec |
Ozumacín Chinantec (Chinanteco de San Pedro Ozumacín) is a Chinantecan language of Mexico, spoken in northern Oaxaca in the towns of San Pedro Ozumacín, Ayotzintepec, Santiago Progreso.
Phonology
Vowels
There are ten vowels, which may be oral or nasal. A length distinction is made in writing, but is based on comparison with other Chinantec languages; the distinction is apparently being lost from Ozumacín Chinantec.[2]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i, y ⟨ʉ⟩ | ɨ ⟨ɨ⟩ | u |
| Mid | e, ø ⟨ø⟩ | ɘ ⟨ë⟩ | o |
| Open | æ ⟨ä⟩ | a |
Long vowels are written double.
Nasal vowels are written with an underscore, e.g. ji̱i̱ˊ 'bed'. This is not written after a nasal consonant, where there is no contrast with oral vowels.
The front rounded vowels arose historically from the influence of palatalized consonants on back vowels.
Consonants
Consonants and their orthography are as follows:[2]
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Laryngeal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | lab. | plain | pal. | lab. | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ[a] ⟨ñ⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | |||||||
| Plosive & Affricate | voiceless | p | t | tʃ ⟨ch⟩ | k | kʲ ⟨ky⟩ | kʷ ⟨kw⟩ | ʔ ⟨h⟩ | ʔʲ ⟨hy⟩ | ʔʷ ⟨hw⟩ | |
| voiced | b | d | dz ⟨ds⟩ | dʒ ⟨ll⟩ | ɡ | ɡʲ ⟨gy⟩ | ɡʷ ⟨gw⟩ | ||||
| Fricative | s | h ⟨j⟩ | hʲ ⟨jy⟩ | hʷ ⟨jw⟩ | |||||||
| Liquid | l, ɾ ⟨r⟩ | ||||||||||
| Semivowel | j ⟨y⟩ | w | |||||||||
- ^ It may be that ñ is /j/ before a nasal vowel.
/p/ and /b/ are rare in native words. Apart from loans, /d/ occurs only in the enclitic daˊ, which softens an imperative. The letters c and f are used for Spanish borrowings.
/h/ becomes [l̥, m̥, n̥, ɲ̊, ŋ̊] before /l, m, n, ɲ, ŋ/.
Tones
Ozumacín Chinantec has nine tones. They are written as follows:[2]
| Tone | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| high tone | tooˈ | metate |
| mid tone | tooˊ | mamey seed |
| low tone | tooˉ | banana |
| high ballistic tone | kooꜗ | (it) will burn |
| mid ballistic tone | kooꜘ | next to |
| low ballistic tone | kooꜙ | (s/he) is playing |
| high rising tone | juuhꜚ | pine(cone? apple? Sp. piña) |
| mid rising tone | juuh˜ | (s/he) is coughing |
| low rising tone | juuhˋ | cough! |
Ballistic syllables are marked by a steep drop in pitch.
Unicode support
The following diacritics are used to mark Ozumacín tones.[3]
- U+02C8 ˈ MODIFIER LETTER VERTICAL LINE
- U+02C9 ˉ MODIFIER LETTER MACRON
- U+02CA ˊ MODIFIER LETTER ACUTE ACCENT
- U+A717 ꜗ MODIFIER LETTER DOT VERTICAL BAR
- U+A718 ꜘ MODIFIER LETTER DOT SLASH
- U+A719 ꜙ MODIFIER LETTER DOT HORIZONTAL BAR
- U+A71A ꜚ MODIFIER LETTER LOWER RIGHT CORNER ANGLE
- U+02DC ˜ SMALL TILDE
- U+02CB ˋ MODIFIER LETTER GRAVE ACCENT
A sample with all tone marks:[2]
Ko̱o̱ˉ häˊ gaꜙnääꜗ u̱u̱ꜗ chiihˉ gaꜙki̱i̱ꜙ kwɨɨˉ. Maˉtë̱ë̱yꜘ to̱ꜗdsaahˋ jwëˈ. Jeeˊ ja̱ˉ kyeeˉ ko̱o̱ˉ jmɨɨˉ. Hñiiꜘ jeeˊ ja̱ˉ gaꜙje̱e̱yˈ ko̱o̱ˉ løøˈ johꜗ. Kë̱ë̱ˉ gaˊ miihˉ dsaˉ jʉʉˊ løøˈ ja̱ˉ. Gaꜙta̱a̱hˋ chiihˉ heꜘ taꜙ kooꜘ. Naꜚ heˉ gaꜙlaꜗ kihꜗ løøˈ ja̱ˉ. Ja̱ˉ gaꜙngɨɨꜗ chiihˉ heꜘ. Ja̱ˉ tä̱ä̱hˊ chiihˉ heꜘ ngɨɨ˜ maˊja̱hꜗ dsaˉ jʉʉˊ. Läꜙgaꜙjä̱ꜘ ja̱ˉ baˊ løøˈ ja̱ˉ, gaꜙjä̱ꜘ oꜙhihꜙ.
This orthography is used in the Ozumacín Bible.[4]
References
- ^ Ozumacín Chinantec at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c d James Rupp (2017) Propuesta de convenciones para escribir el chinanteco de Ozumacín. (Stephen Marlett, ed., Propuestas de convenciones para escribir las lenguas originarias de México #04). Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C.
- ^ Priest, Lorna A. (2004). Revised Proposal to Encode Chinantec Tone Marks. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ^ Wycliffe Bible Translators. (2003). New Testament and Psalms in Chinantec, Ozumacín. Retrieved 27 April 2019 from https://ebible.org/pdf/chzNTps/chzNTps_all.pdf
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